TUNLAI HLO THLAWH DAN THA

Hlo thawh hi a hah thlakin hun leh tha a heh em em mai a. Khawvel a Agrochemicals an hman tam ber chu hnim thahna (herbicides) a ni. Loneitu te hian an lo a an hnathawh pui ber pakhat chu hlo thawh hi a ni tlat a ni. Hnim a tamna ah chuan thlai a tha thei si lo a, chuvang in thlawh loh tawp lah chuan a thar tlem leh thung si a. Mithiam te chuan hlo thawh hah thlak zia hria in a zangkhai theih dan tur an zawng in an zir na sa a, tunah chuan harsa lutuk lo in a tih theih ta. Mizoram a kan loneitu tam tak te'n an la hre ve si lo a, a pawiin an khawngaih thlak em em a ni. An hriat ve theih nan tan ila sauh sauh ang u.

Engtin nge hlo chu awlsam zawk in kan thlawh ang le? Ele, hlo thlawh dan hi mithiam te chuan chi hrang hrang in an then a, chung 3 te chu-

1) Prevention (a ven a ven):- Prevention tih chuan ka lo/huan leh a chheh velah hnim leh a chi kan ti lut lo ang a, kan kawr leh huan a kan thawhna hmanrua vel chu fai tak a vawngin hnim chi (seed) dar sarh tur kan veng tlat ang. He tiang a kan tih loh chuan eng ang pawn hlo tlo mah ila a sawt tak tak dawn lo a ni.

2) Mechanical methods:- He mi ah hian tih dan hrang hrang a awm a, Hand hoeing (kut a hlo thlawh), Fire cultivation, Hand pulling, Lei leh (tillage) etc. He method hi a tangkai em em a ni, mahse kan sawi thui lo ang, "a va thui eeeeeee" in ti leh palh ang.

3) Agronomic/Cultural methods: He pawh hi a tangkai em em a, thlai ching tu te chuan hre vek ila a tha ngawt mai. Chung te chu - Thlai phun hun, Thlai phun hun han tih tawp hian in hrethiam lo deuh mai thei a, entirnan wheat kan chin a hma deuh a kan tuh chuan hnim chi khat Avena fatua kan tih hi a tam duh em em a, tlai deuh a kan chin erawh chuan Phalaris minor a tam leh duh em em thung, chu vang chuan a hun tak a kan chin a pawimawh em em a ni. Seed spacing, Stale seedbed method, Plant population, mulching etc. te hi an ni. A mal te te a sawi a chakawm viau rualin a sei dawn em mai, inchhiar leh peih lo ange.

4) Chemical method:- He mi bik hi hlo thlawh ti nuam em em mai tu a ni a, mahse a uchuak a hman leh hman nasat lutuk chuan lei hi thlai chin theih loh khawpin a chhe thei a, tin herbicides (hlo thahna) then khat hi a hlauhawm riau a (eg. Atrazine leh Simazine te chu European countries te chuan an BAN hmiah mai a, tin Paraquat hian Parkinson natna a thlen theiin an hria) chuvang chuan fimkhur tak leh mithiam te rawn chung zel a hman a ngai a ni. Herbicide hman nasat zual hming tlem han thai lang ila - Diquat, 2,4 - D, Metolachlor, Butachlor, Isoproturon, Fluchloralin.

5) Biological control: Hei hi a hrisel in khuanu duansa hmang a hlo thawlh dan a ni a, thlai nat na leh rannung hnim ei chhe thei chi hmang in kan huan a hmin te chu ka ti che reu dawn a ni. Chung atan a hman thenkhat tlem han sawi lang ila - Water hyacinth ( Eichorrnia crassipes)

MAHNI COMPOUND A PHUL PHAH DAN

Mizoram ah hian phul (hnim) hi a tha duh vak meuh lo a, chuvang in kan khelmual neih ho ah pawh phul lem (Astroturf) phah kan ngai a. Mahse kan compound vel ti lang hring dup a ti mawi thei tur hian phul hi uluk tak a kan enkawl chuan a tha thei reng a ni. A tih dan i lo zir ho teh ang u.

Phul chi (seeds) theh thiah hi a awlsam ber in a man a tlawm ber mai a, kan In leh a chheh vel a lan hrin dup hi chuan a mawi em em mai a ni.

SIK LEH SA  ; KHAW AWM DAN

A hmasa berin, eng phul(hnim) in nge kan chenna boruak sik leh sa ngaih ber ang tih kan ngaihtuah hmasak a ngai a- nipui lai a phun chi nge tha ang thlasik lai a phun chi duh kan thlan phawt a ngai a ni.

Thlasik phul kan phun dawn a nih chuan, a phun hun tha ber chu nipui tawp lamah a ni ber mai. Hetiang hunlai hian lei hi a la lum tha hle mai a, chu chu thlai tiak tir ten a ngaihin an thang duang duh em em a, thlasik khawvawt tuar thei turin an tha tawk hman em em thin a ni. September - October hunlai vel a chin pawh hi a tha em em tho mai.

Nipui phul erawh chu October thla tawp lam leh Noverber thla tir lam a phun tur a ni a. Tiang hunlai a phun hian thlasik khawvawt pawh thlai tiak ten an tuar chhuak zo thin a ni.

A PHUN DAN TUR
Lei chu buhchin dawn a kan leh phut ang deuh hian thuk lo takah (5cm) velin kan let phut a nga, a rualrem lo lai kan hrut rual leh a nga, tui a mamawh dawn avangin tui pekna tur Sprinkler Irrigation kan siam a ngai bawk a ni (TV ah pawh phul tui an pek dan chu kan en tawh kha).

1. Phul chi(seeds) chu han pharh phawt mai teh!

Ram changkang ah chuan a chi te hi a tuhna bik khawl Spreader an tih maiin an tuh thin a, mahse chutiang hmang khei lo pawn phul chi chu kan theh (broadcast) ang, bichil deuh tak a theh tur a ni. Spreader hmang hi chuan phul hi pattern awmze nei tak in a tih theih a, a theh a theh erawh chuan a har deuh ang.

Lei tha (fertilizers) theh ngei ngei a ngai a nia. DAP emaw Urea pawh a pawi reng reng lo. Tam lutuk erawh a tha lo a, hlamkhat bialah Kg 0.5 vel a tawk ang.

2. Phul chi (seeds) chu leiin khuh rawh le

Phul chi hi leiin kan khuh leh a ngai a. Duhthusam ah chuan leitha (organic manure) hman hi tih theih ni se. Hetiang a kan tih hian tui a hip bik bakah thlaiin an ngeih bik em em a ni.Phul chi chu uluk takin leiin kan khuh tur a ni. Thlai chi lang heng huang a kan tih chuan a tha thei lo an. Chhilh kim thap tur a ni.

3. Tui pek tur

Hei hi a pawimawh em em. Tui kan pek hmasak ber chuan lei chhung lam kha inches 6 - 8 thleng a ti hnawng thei turin kan pe ang. Tui luang dam diai a pek tur a ni a, chu ti lo chu thlai chi te kha kan tui pek khan lei atangin a lo len chhuak palh a nge.

Tui pek hi zing leh tlai lamah pek thin tur a ni a, uluk takin kan pe a nga, kan phul phunna chin chu hnawng tha takin kan siam tur a ni. Tui pek erawh pek hnem uchuak loh tur, chu ti lo chu thlai chi te kha an to chhuah hmain leiah an tawih thei a nia.

Kan phul phunna chin chu venhim a tha, a hun hma a nopang leh ran ten infiamnan an hman chuan an ti chhe vek dawn a nia, veng fimkhur teh.

KAN PHUL ENKAWL ZUI DAN TUR

Kan phul chu a lo pui tling dawn ta a, tui pek pawh ruah te a sur that chuan a in thlahdah theih tawh ang. Phul a lo puitlin hnu a tui pek hnem lutuk chuan tlai an tha thei lo. A tawk chiah pek a ngai a nia.

I phul kha tui pe hauh loin ni rei lo te han dah chhin la, phul te chu an rawng hring tak kha a lo dal deuh a nga, a ro rawng a kai ta tihah khan tui an mamawh tih i hre mai ang.Tui i pek khan hneh takin i pe thin dawn nia

I phul phah te chu tan (mow) thin an ngai dawn a nia, 3 - 4 inches vel an nih in i tan thin dawn a nia. Chu ti chuan phul mawi tak kan lo nei dawn ta a ni reng mai!

DAR BENGBUR / LAMBAK

Dar bengbur hi a sap tawng chuan ‘Indian penny wort’ an ti a, a scientific name erawh chu “Centella Asiatica” a ni thung. Thlai hrisel tak a ni a, han ei hian a kha fek a, a tui em em a ni. Damdawi atan a tha em em a, hmasang atang tawh in damdawi atan an lo hmang tawh thin a ni. Dar bengbur hi rilru nuam lo leh hreawm (anxiety) tan a tha hle a, rilru nuam lo leh rilru nantna (neurosis) tan a tha hle bawk a, thluak a ti chak in hriat rengna a ti tha a (memory enhancer), taksa chak lo (debility) tan a tha a, mitliam (Jaundice) tan a tha hle a, Phar natna (leprosy) tan a tha a, vun tan a hrisel em em bawk a ni. Ruh natna chi khat rheumatism tan a tha bawk a, natna chi khat Elephatiasis atan a tha a, Til puk (Hydrocele) tan a tha hle bawk a ni. Vun natna leh phar atan chuan a tui sawr hi a natna laiah khan hnawih mai tur a ni. Tin, khuhnasa leh thawk harsatna nei (Bronchitis) tan a tha a, thaw hah (Ashma) tan a tha hlei hlei a, thil pai tawih nuam lo (Gastric catarrh) tan a tha hle bawk a, hmeichhe nantna chi khat, serh atang a hnai lo chhuak (Leucorrhoea) tan a tha em em a, kal natna nei tan a tha a, zun kawng natna (urethoritis) tan leh natna chi khat ‘Dropsy’ tan damna damdawi tha tak a ni bawk. He thlai hi nupa nun ah (Aphrodisiac) chakna pe thei a ngaih a ni bawk.

Bar bengbur hian ‘Asiaticoside’ a pai a, hei vang hian phar leh awmna (tuberculosis) tan a tha hle a ni. Centrella asaiticaaaaa selected triterpenes (CAST) an tih mai hi thil chi hrang hrang bawl hlo ah an hmang mek a, thisen zam leh vun natna damdawi (Allopathic medicines) siam chhuah nan leh Cosmetics tam tak siam chhuanna hmanrua ber a hman a ni mek bawk a ni.

He thlai hrisel tak hi ei uar ila, hnam changkang leh fing apiang in thlai hrisel an ei tam a, damdawi an ei tlem thung a ni. Allopathic damdawi hi chu Vitamin C tak ngial pawh in side-effect a nei tih hria in thlai hrisel ei I uar zawk ang u.  

Grape Chungchang Tlem

Common Name : Grape

Scientific Name : Vitis vinifera

               Family : Vitaceae

                Origin : Asia Minor

Grape Surgar (Grape thlumna):

Grape a sugar hi an hnah atang a insiam a ni a, hnah atang chuan peng hrang hrang ah thlaiin a mamawh tur angin phloem hman in a in sem darh leh mai thin a ni. Nipui (summer) tir lamah hian grape hi a thang duang em em mai a, chuvang chuan sugar ho chu he mi hunlai vel hian a kung, zung leh hnah insiam nan a hmang zo deuh vel zel a ni. He mi a nih avang hian nupui tir lam a grape hi chu a thlum mawh em em a, a thur deuh tlangpui thin a ni. Grape rah chu a lo puitlin chhoh deuh a grape kung leh a hnah vel chu a than a lo kin tawh thin a. Chu mi hun ah chuan grape hnahin sugar a siam te chu a rah atan a hmang tawh thin a. He tih lai hian sugar  40% vel lai chu a a hnah atang lo hian a chaw lut thung a ni. 

Tartaric acid hi grape hian a pai a, tartaric acid hi thil vang tak a ni, thlai dang tlem te chauhin an pai.

Grape Color / A rawng:

Grape rah a lo hmin chhoh hian a rawng a lo in thlak a, Chlorophyll te chu a lo ral tial tial a, anthocyanin in a rawn thlak chho a, a rawng pawh a lo duk ta thin a ni. A tlangpuiin hemi a rawng insiamna lai hi a pil ah a ni a, a chang chuan a pil hnailam ah pawh tel chu a hmuh theih thin a ni. Hemi a rawng (pigment) hi vacuole (cell chhung a mi) ah a awm a, cell wall leh cytoplasm ah erawh a awm ngai lo thung a ni. He mi vacuole a pigment awm te hi vacuole a lo keh darh chuan a rah chhung lam ah a lo in sem darh ve a, a rah pumin a rawng a lo duk ta thin a ni. Chutiang chi grape chu Alicante Bouchet ang chi te hi a ni.

A Hmanna Tlangpui 

Grape hi a hman dan chi hrang hrang a awm ve a, chung te chu-

1. Table Grape: He tiang grape te chu ei mai mai hun mawi chi a ni ber a, a hmel a mawiin a rah a tlum tui tur a ni tlangpui awm e. 
2.  Raisin Grape: Tiang ang chi erawh hi chu grape ro kan tih mai ang chi hi a ni a, a rep a ni ber ang chu.
3. Juice Grape : Grape tui / juice siam chi a ni ber a, fermented/ um a ni lo thung. He tiang hi Mizoramah a awm meuh lo a niang.
4. Wine Grape: Hei hi sawi thui deuh teh ang, a pawi mawh ber in ka hria :D . Khawvel a grape an hmanna tam ber chu wine siam nan hian a ni. Grape thur tak hi Table wine siam nan chuan duh thusam a ni a, Dessert wine siam nan erawh chuan thlum tha tak an hmang ve thung. Wine siamna tur a hman grape te chu a rawng leh a tuina in rei tak a daih tur a ni. 

 

 Mizoram Grape:
Mizoram grape kan chin hi enge a nih chiah ka hre lo a, Vitis vinifera a nih ka ring ber. Tunhnai ah erawh Horticulture Department hma lakna in Hnahlan leh a chheh vel a Grape chi tha chi Bangalore Blue an ching mek a. Champhai leh Hnahlanah pawh wine siamna hmun a awm tawh a, an wine siam chhuah hming hi "Zawlaidi" an ti a ni.

The Champhai and Hnahlan Grape Winery Ltd was established in 2007 and is the only winery in the region.  They have a production unit in Champhai and another in Hnahlan.

These production units only became operational in 2010 after the Mizoram Government had revised the Liquor Total Prohibition Act 1997.  Prior to the revision of the 1997 Act, grapes were being sold as table fruit or pressed for juice.  The winery is operated under Government of Mizoram supervision and under current regulations production must be consumed in Mizoram.
The first wine was released in September 2010 with the name Zawlaidi, which translates as “love potion”.  It’s described on the label as “Red Port Wine”.  One suspects that this might be due to the grapes having only a low sugar content when harvested and hence only being capable of producing a low-alcohol wine when fermented.  Distilled neutral alcohol has been added to boost the overall abv to 14%.

Source : http://www.indianwines.info/wine-regions/champhai/champhai-producers/

 Bangalore Blue: Mizoram a kan chin nasat ber Bangalore Blue hi enge a nih chiah tlem han sawi tel hram ila. Bangalore Blue hi Karnataka atang a lak a nih hmel a (?), Karnataka ah chuan Kum 1 ah vawi hnih a rah an thar hman thin a ni. Bangalore Blue hi Chatterjee leh Randhwa (1952) te report dan chuan Vitis vinifera x labrusca hybrid a ni an ti. Bower leh Kniffin a train tur a ni a, hei hi thlaiin a ngaih bik a ngaih a ni. Table grape a an hman bakah Juice siam nan leh Wine Siam nan pawh an hmang thin a ni. A rah bawr hi a te a, a rah a khat tha a, a rah pawh a te deuh a ni. Fur leh ruah tui tlak laiin a tawih hma in a rah a khi duh hle a ni. 

An Sawi ka hriat: Grape hi kan naupan laiin kan huanah a awm ve thin a, mahse kan la naupan deuh avangin ka lo en chiang ngai hauh lo a, tun hnu ah Aizawl ah te awmin Grape ching hmuh tur an awm meuh lo avang in ka hre chiang ta lo. Ti hian mithiam te'n an sawi a, a dik ka ring, mahse a dik ngei e ti tur chuan ka chiang chiah bik lo. "Grape hi Mizoram ah chuan a thur duh em em a, a chhan chu khua a lum tawk loh avang leh ni a sat that loh vang a ni" an ti thin. Hei hi thil dik thei a ni a, a chhan chu Grape hian khawlum lo ah chuan starch hi sugar ah a chan that tir thei lo a, chu tih rual chuan ni eng a hmuh that a ngai a, ni eng a hmuh that loh chuan sugar a insiam tur ang kha a in siam thei lo a, a thur duh em em bawk a ni. Mizoram, a bikin Aizawl a kan hmuh grape te hi chu Thomson Seedless kan tih ang chi deuh vek hi a ni a, Mizoram a chin ni lovin, state dang atang a kan lak luh a ni thin. Thomson seedless hi khawvel pum huap angin a pawimawh em em a, he mi chung chang hi hriat ve mai mai ah tlem han sawi ve teh ang. Mizoram ah chuan a tha thei lo an ti a ni awm e.

Thomson Seedless: Asia Minor atang a lo chhuak a ni a, A ching tu hmsa ber chu William Thomson, California a mi a ni. A hming chawi hian he grape pawh hi Thomson Seedless tih lo ni ta ni awm tak a ni. He tiang grape hi a rah a lo pui tlin hian a hring atangin rangka chak rawng ah a lo in thlak a, a hrin lai pawh hian a thlum tha em em a, rei tak chhe lovin a dah theih bawk a ni. A hming ang tak hian seeds/ chi a nei lova, ei a nuam in processing pawh a awlsam em em a ni.

Grape te hi parthenocarpic kan tih ang chi hi a ni deuh vek a, a then erawh chu fertilization a awm hnuah embryo abortion avangin seed nei lo te an ni hlom. Chutiang chi chu Stenospermocarpy an ti a ni.