Bharatmala Pariyojana, Aizawl - Champhai kawng siam hi chiang zawkin

Tunlai hian Aizawl - Champhai kawngpui thuanghnih (2 lane) siam mek a ni a. Hei hian kan nitin nun leh mimal thleng a min nghawng dawn avang leh thil thar tam tak a thlen theih dawn avangin chiang zawk leh tawi fel deuhin zir chian in tum dawn teh ang. 

Bhraratmala Pariyojana chu enge ni?

Bharatmala Pariyojana hi Sawrkar Laipui scheme lian tak mai a ni a, he scheme hi Ministry of Road Transport and Highway hnuaia nasa taka kawngpui thar siam leh chei that hna te thawhna tur a ni. He kawngpui siam hna ang reng reng a lian hi India ramah a la thleng lo tluk a ngaih theih a ni a. 

2017 khan Sawrkar Laipui Minister Nitin Gadkari chuang a hawng a, kum 2022 ah chuan zawh fel hman theih an in beisei viau bawk. He kawngpui siam thar scheme hnuaiah hian kawngpui (National Highway) Kilometer 50,000 a thui India ram hmun hrang hrangah an sat dawn a, tam tak siam zawh a ni tawh bawk ang. Kawngpui sah han tih hian hmanlai Mizo te'n chemtum nen a kawngpui kan sah ang kha chu an kal sanna a rei tawh a, Satellite atangin kawngpui ruangam leh kal dan tur an buatsaih vek hnuah Engineer thiam tak tak te'n a hmunah khawl changkang tak tak nen kawngpui hi an sat tawh a ni. 

Heng kawngpui siam thar te hian sumdawnna (Economic Corridor) nasa zawk a hma a tih sawn theih nan te, Ram leh ram inri-na hmunah venhimna nasa zawk a kalpui theih na atan te leh thil tangkai tam tak atan a pui dawn a ni. India ram hmun hrang hrang -  Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur leh Mizoram-ah te kawngpui tha tak tak siam a ni dawn a. Hmun tam takah chuan kawngpui lian em em 'Green field Express Highway' te pawh siam a ni ang. 

Mizoram pawh Myanmar (Burma) nen a inpawhna leh inri-na hmun pawimawh tak (International Corridor and Boarder) a nih avangin Sawrkar Laipui hian min rawn siam sak a. Chu kawngpui chuan Champhai min rawn thleng hi a lawmawm hle a ni. 

Khawia Pawisa hmanga siam tur nge?

He kawngpui lian tham tak India ram hmun hrang hrang a siam a nih theih nan hian Sawrkar Laipui chuan chhiah (Tax) chi hrang hrang a la thin a. Chung a chhiah lakna langsar tak tak te chu Petrol leh Diesel kan lei te hi a ni. Petrol leh Diesel kan lei apiang hian chhiah chhawng kan tih mai Cess hi mitin in he kawngpui siam nan hian kan thawh theuh a ni, chubakah chuan Toll Booth (Mizoramah kan nei lo) atang te leh Sawrkar Laipui sum bawm (Budget) atang te-in khawn khawm a ni.

Bharatmala Pariyojana kan sawi apiang a tel ve tur pakhat chu Kaladan Multi Modal Transit Transport Project (KMMTTP) hi a ni awm e. Hei pawh hian Mizoram min tan tlang ruah mai a, Lawngtlai leh chhimlamah kawngpui nasa takin an siam in an sial mek a ni. KMMTTP hi 1991 a India Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao a ngaihtuah chhuah "Look East Policy" kal zel kha niin, rei tak chhunzawm loh a nih hnuin Pime Minister Narendra Modi chuan "Act East Policy" ti a hming thlakin a rawn chhunzawm ta a. Mizoram pawh Myanmar nen a inri kan nih avangin he hmasawnna lian tham tak hian min khuap ruah mai a ni. Mizoram bakah Manipur lamah pawh India - Maynmar - Thailand Friendship Highway siam niin India sawrkar chuan kawngpui tha tak India ram, Myanmar leh Thailand inkal pawhna tur a duangin a siam mup mup mai ani. He 'Act East Policy' hian India leh South East Asia ram - Myanmar, Thailand, Singapore, Phillipines, Malaysia etc. te nen a insumdawn tawnna nasa takin a ti chak dawn a ni.

Engtin nge kan hman tangkai ang?

Hmasawnna lian tham a lo thlen hian tu te emaw, pawl emaw, party in emaw hmingthat nan par chhuah an lo tum fo thin a. Chhim lamah pawh KMMTTP hi mimal leh pawl hmalakna ang a sawi ri neuh neuh lo awm thin niin an sawi. A nihna takah chuan hetiang Sawrkar laipui project lian thiamah hi chuan State sawrkar pawh an inrawlh thuk ngai meuh lo a ni. 

India danpui Constitution, Article 257-ah chuan "India ram tana venhimna leh ram dang nen a insumdawn tawnna kawngpui pawimawh te reng reng chu Sawrkar Laipui thuneihna liau liau a ni" tiin a inziak a. Chuvangin State sawrkar meuh pawh a inrawlh mang lohna hmun a mimal emaw, pawl ang emaw a hmingthat lo tum hi thil tha lo tak a ni a, Manipur a India - Myanmar - Thailand Highway siam mek khu meitei pawl thenkhat emaw pa hovin an hmalakna angin lo sawi sela, kut beng hluah hluah a nuihna tur a ni ang. Chutiang chiah chu Lawngtlai leh Champhai a kawngpui siam pawh hi a ni awm e.

Sawi tawh angin he kawngpui siam nan hian mitin-in chhiah (tax) kan chawi tlang vek a, Mizoram thingtlang atanga India khawpui ber Delhi thlengin tumah awl kan awm lo a ni. Chuvang chuan he kawngpui leh Sawrkar laipui hmalakna hian mitin min huap a, a thei apiang tana tangkai taka hman tur a ni. Retheihna umbo-na atan te, hriselna tha zawk kan neih theih nan a hmunpui pan awlsam zawkna atan te, sumdawnna hlawk zawk leh mitin dinhmun chawikanna atan te tumah inthlahrung lova kan hman tlan atan a tha hle a ni. 

Hetih lai hian he kawngpui hi mitin in kan dimdawi a, kan uluk a, keimah ni ta ang theuh a kan en theih nan India danpui Constitution a Fundamental Duties No. 9 chuan min phut tlat bawk a ni.  

La (Cotton/ Gossypium spp.) Chin Dan

    La hi khawvel awm tirh ata thlai zingah chuan sum lak luh awlsamna leh Economy nghawng thei thlai pawimawh leh hmasa ber pawl a ni a. Khawvel a thlai hmanga sum lakluh theihna hmasa ber leh upa ber a ni mek a ni. La hi India ram hmun hrang hrangah chin mek a ni a, hmar lam Himalaya hmun Punjab-ah te, chhim tawp Kerala-ah te, ruahtui tlak tlem em em na hmun Kutch (Gujarat)-ah te, ruahtui tlak tamna hmun Manipur-ah te an ching mek a. 

    Khawvel anga ngaihtuah pawhin India hi La ching nasa ber pawl kan ni a. 8 million hectare a zauah chin mek ni mahse khawvel thar chhuah 9% chauh mai hi India hian kan thar chhuak a, kan thar chhuah zat (Productivity) hi a hniam em em a ni. 

   La hi mihring tan thuamhnaw siam nan kan hmang ber thin a, a chi atangin hriak pawh a sawr chhuah ve theih a ni. Hriak hi 15 - 20 % vel thleng atam a pai ve thei a. Amerika La (American Cotton) hian hriak a pai hnem ber a ni. La chi hriak sawr chhuah tawhna fe leh bangnawi te hi lei ti tha tu a ni a, 6% Nitrogen, 3% Phosphorus leh 2% Potash a pai a ni.  Heng hriak sawr tawhna fe te hi ran tan chaw tha tak pawh a ni thei a ni.

Origin and History 

India ramah hian hriat phak baka rei La hi chin a lo ni tawh a, kum 5000 liam ta Indus Valley hunlai pawh khan lo chin daih tawh a ni a. Mohenjodaro hunlai pawh khan la hi an lo kaihin thuamhnaw mawi tak takah an lo chhuah tawh a ni. India ram a thuziah hmasa ber Rig Veda-ah pawh khan La chungchang hi ziah lan a ni tawh a, Rig Veda hi Hindu sakhaw lehkhabu hlui ber niin Isua pian hma kum 2000 velah he lehkhabu ah hian La chungchang hi ziah lan a ni tawh a ni. La chin hi India ram atangin Egypt-ah te, Spain-ah leh Italy-ah tih lar leh tih hmuh an ni. La lo chhuahna hmun hi India ram a ni ngei a ni tih ziak hrang hrang-ah a hmuh theih a ni.

Area and Distribution

Khawvela La chinna hmun zawng zawng zau zawng hi 33.1 million hectare niin kum tin La hi 52.1 million tonnes thar chhuah thin a ni. Khawvel a La ching thin ram pawimawh zual te chu - India, USA, Russia, China, Brazil, Egypt, Pakistan, Turkey, Mexico leh Sudan te an ni. Heng ram 10 te hian khawvel a La thar chhuah zawng zawng 85% lai an tum a ni. India ram hi La chinna hmun zau ber a ni mek a, a thar chhuah tam zawngah chuan 4-na kan ni mek thung. 

India ram chhunga La ching nasa state te chu- Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Haryana, Tamil Nadu leh Uttar Pradesh-te an ni. Maharashtra hi India rama La thar chhuak hnem ber niin Gujarat hian a dawt a ni.

India rama cotton chin tamna hmun
(Source: Google)

Classification

La hi Malvaceae chhungkua a awm a ni a, a genus chu Gossypium a ni. Gossypium hnuaiah hian species 20 chuang La chi hrang a awm a, chung zinga kaih a thawmhnaw a siam theih te chu-

1. Gossypium arborium : Hetiang chi La hi a tlanglawn ber leh chin nasat ber a ni a, a kung a lian tha a, a zai pawh 1.25-2.10 cm vela sei a ni tlangpui thin. La chinna hmun 29% he tiang La hi chin mek a ni.
2. Gossypium herbaceum : A kung a lianin a nghet tha a, La zai pawh 1.25-2.30 cm vela sei a ni tlangpui thin. La chinna hmun 21% he tiang La hi chin mek a ni.
3. Gossypium hirsutum : Hetiang chi la hi Amerika La (American Cotton) tih bik a ni a, La zai pawh 1.8-3.1 cm vela sei a ni tlangpui thin. La chinna hmun 50% he tiang La hi chin mek a ni.
4. Gossypium barbadense : Hetiang chi la hi 'Sea Island Cotton' tih bik a ni a, La zai pawh 3.6-5.0 cm vela sei a ni tlangpui thin. He tiang chi La hi hmun zimte ah chauh chin a ni.

Boruak Mamawh Dan

    La hi khaw lum a chin chi thlai a ni a, a tlangpuiin La chin chhung zawng hian khaw lum zawng hi 16° C a ni tur a ni a, ruahtui tlak tam zawng hi 50 cm tal a ni tur a ni. La chi a tiah theih nan khaw lum zawng hi 16°C tal a ni tur a ni a, 21 - 27°C ah La kung a thang tha bik a ni. Khaw lum uchuak lutuk 43°C velah chuan La kung hi a thi mai thin a, 21°C ai a hniam-ah erawh la a thang tha lutuk thei lo thin. A La par insiam tan laiin khua hi 27 - 32°C vel a lum ni thei sela, La par a chhuah tawh hnua ruah nasa tak sur leh tui nasa tak pek hian La par a ti tlem in a ti til thei a. Ni eng tha tak a hmu reng thin tur a ni. Vur tlakna hmunah La a tha thei ngai lova, Altitude (hmun san zawng) 1000 m chung lamah La chin loh tur a ni.  La chin hun chhung ni 180 - 240 thleng chu vur a tla tur a ni lo a ni.

Lei Mamawh Dan

    La hi lei chi hrang hrangah a chin theih a, lei thil lutuk (sandy soil), lei al lutuk leh tui tlin theihna hmunah erawh chin loh tur a ni. Lei ban lam pangah a tha duh deuh bik a, lei tha hmun, tui fawm tam thei chi lei-ah a tha bik thin. La chinna hmunah reng reng tui a tling thei tur a ni lo. 

Lei Sawngbawl Dan tur

    La hian zung thuk tak a nei thin a, chuvang chuan La chinna hmun tur chu uluk taka cheh phut thin tur a ni. Lei hi 15-20 cm vel a thuk a leh phut vek tur a ni a, chu mi hnuah na lo deuh in vawi 2/3 lei chu leh nawn leh vek thin tur a ni. Lei leh na hnu lei tlang lian lutuk chu vuak phut leh vek tur a ni. Tui pek tur kan nei tha a nih chuan lei leh zawh velah, La kan chin hmain lei chu hneh takin tui pek vek tur a ni.

A Chi Sawngbawl Dan

    La chi hi a kawr a chhah em avangin chin hmain Concentrated Sulphuric Acid ah 'delint' (chiah) tur a ni a, Sulphuric Acid hi 70 cc - 100 cc vel a taka siamin La chi Kg 1 chiah tur a ni. 

    La chi ei chhe tu chi kha Pink Ball Worm naute te hian La hi a chhung rilah an ei chhe thin a, hei hi Sulphuric Acid khian a ti hlum thin bawk a ni. Natna dang leh rannung dang pawh Sulphuric Acid hian a that hneh hle a, La chi chutiang a sawngbawl tawh chu rei lo te-ah a to thuai thuai thin. Chemical hmanga La chi hi kan chiah thei lo a nih hlauh chuan bawngek, mei vap leh tui nen a chiarin kan nuai pawlh tur a ni a, chutiang a La chi nuai tawh chu dai hlimah dah ro tur a ni. La chi chu rannung leh natna in a ei chhiat loh nan Emisan 5 g, streptocycline 1g leh succinic acid 1 g te nen tui litre 10-ah darkar hnih chhung chiah tur a ni, hei hi La chi Kg 6-8 thleng a pawlh tawk viau in a rinawm.

Seed rate & Spacing

    Thlai chi mamawh zat tur hi a variety a zir zel a ni tlangpui thin a, Amerika La bikah chuan 15 - 25 Kg vel hi 1 Hectare ah a tawk viau a, India ram a kan chin tam chi-ah erawh hi chuan 10 - 18 Kg vel hi Hectare 1 ah a tawk viau a ngaih a ni.

    La chi chu 60x30x30 cm vel a inkar hlatah chin tur a ni. He ti hian hmun hectare 1 ah La kung 50,000 - 80,000 lai a awm thei dawn tihna a nih chu.

Sowing Time and Method

    A hun tak a chin hi a thar tam nan a pawimawh hle mai. Hma lutuk emaw tlai lutuk a La chin hian a thar a ti tlem thei em em mai a, fimkhur viau tur a ni. India hmar lamah chuan May thla kar 2-na velah La hi chin tur a ni, a tlai berah May 25 ai a tlai tur a ni lo. India ram laili ah erawh chuan 15th - 25th May inkarah chin tur a ni. Ruah tui tlak velah chin nghal vat vat mai tur. Tamil Nadu velah chuan khua a lum that avangin September leh October thla velah an ching mai thin. 

    Thlai chi chu a bi uluk tak a siam in a bi-ah thlak mai tur a ni, Line sowing hi a thar a tam thin bik avangin tih theih hram a tha hle. Thlai bi thuk zawng hi 4-5 cm vel a ni tur a ni a, thlai bi a thuk lutuk chuan a to muang a, thuk loh lutuk erawh chuan La chi chu a ro mai thin a, tiak tur a awm lo thin. 

Leitha pek Dan tur

    La hian leitha a hip nasa in a mamawh hnem em em mai a, La thar tam tur chuan leitha pek nasat a ngai viau mai. Bawngek lei tha kan pe dawn a nih chuan 15-20 tonnes lai mai La chinna hmun zau zawng hectare 1-ah a ngai a ni. 

    Chemical fertilizer kan pe dawn a nih erawh chuan 80-100 Kg Nitrogen, 30 Kg Potassium, 40 Kg Potash te kan pe tur a ni. Potassium leh Potash fertilizer te hi thlai chi kan tuh hunlaiin a vaiin vawikhatah pek nghal vek tur a ni a. Nitrogen bik erawh a chanve hi La chi kan tuh laiin pek theih ni sela, a chanve dang erawh chu a par hmasa ber a chhuah hunah pek chauh tur a ni thung. 

Tui Mamawh Dan

    La chin atanga ni 45 velah tui pek theih ni sela a tha hle a, tui pek hnem hian a kung a than tir vak a, a tha ber lem lo. Ni 45 hnuah chuan tui hi nasa lutuk lovin kar 2 dan zelah pek mai thin tur a ni. La a par tawh hnuah chuan tui nei lo leh ro lutuk a dah an tha lova, a par a til nasa in a thar a tlem phah thei a ni. La kung la naupang te hian tui tling an haw em em mai a ni, tui pek hun laiin tui tih tlin miah loh tur a ni.

Hlo thlawh Dan tur

    La kung te hi hlo hian an ti buai nasa ve thei em em mai a, ni 50-60 an tlin hma phei chuan hnim leh hlo lakah La chu ven a thlawhfai emaw damdawi a kah reng thin tur a ni. Hlo tur atan Fluchloralin emaw Alachlor te hman a tha hle.

Harvesting

    La thar chu vawi 2 emaw vawi li lai kut in a lak mai tur a ni. La kan lak chu hnah thel, hmawlh emaw a kung tang ro te nen chawh pawlh miah loin lak tur a ni a, La chu a ro tha hle tur a ni. India hmar lamah chuan La hi October thla velah a vawikhat nan a lawh theih tawh thin a, a vawi hnih lawhna erawh November thla velah tih thin tur a ni. La kan lak tawh sa chu hmun hnawng ah emaw tui awm theihna ah dah miah lo tur a ni a, hei hi La quality a ti chhe vek thei a ni. 

    La hi dik tak a enkawl chuan 1 Hectare ah 15-20 quintals vel a tam lai a thar theih a, Hydrid ah phei chuan 25-30 q/ha lai a tam a thar chhuak thei a ni.

(Part 2 ah La eichhetu rannung leh natna enkawl dan ziah kan tum leh dawn nia.)

La par
(Source: Google)